Synopsis of NotesI. Introduction to Fuel Cells II. Specific Forms of Fuel Cells III. Applications in Transportation Resources IV. Stationary Power Applications V. Portable Power Applications VI. Fuel Cells on Spacecraft VII. Future Developments on Fuel Cells |
Fuel Cell Type |
Electrolyte |
Operating Temperature |
Efficiency |
Chemistry |
Power Range |
Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alkaline (AFC) |
KOH |
60 - 120deg C |
35-55% |
Anode: H2 + 2(OH-) -> 2H2O + 2e-Cathode: 1/2 O2 + H2O + 2e- -> 2(OH-) |
< 5 kW |
Military & space |
Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEMFC) |
Solid Polymer (eg Nafion) |
50 - 100deg C
|
35 - 45% |
Anode: H2 -> 2H+ + 2e-Cathode: 1/2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e- -> H2O |
5 - 250 kW |
Automotive & portable (e.g. camping, boating) power, stationary power & heat |
Direct Methanol (DMFC) |
Polymer Membrane |
50 - 100deg C |
40% |
Anode: H2O + CH3OH -> CO2 +6H+ + 6e-Cathode: 3/2 O2 + 6H+ + 6e- -> 3H2O |
<5 kW? |
Portable (cell phones & laptops), military electronics |
Fuel Cell Type |
Electrolyte |
Operating Temperature |
Efficiency |
Chemistry |
Power Range |
Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) |
H3PO4 |
150 - 220deg C |
40% |
Anode: H2 -> 2H+ + 2e-Cathode: 1/2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e- -> H2O |
200 kW |
stationary power & heat |
Fuel Cell Type |
Electrolyte |
Operating Temperature |
Efficiency |
Chemistry |
Power Range |
Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Molten Carbonate (MCFC) |
Li2CO3 & K2CO3 |
650deg C |
>50% |
Anode: H2 + CO32- -> H2O + CO2 + 2e-Cathode: 1/2 O2 + CO2 + 2e- -> CO32- |
200 kW - 1 mW |
Stationary power & heat |
Solid Oxide (SOFC) |
yttria, zirconia |
1,000deg C |
>50% |
Anode: H2 + O2- -> H2O + 2e-Cathode: 1/2 O2 + 2e- -> O2- |
2 kW - 1 mW |
Stationary power & heat |
Protonic Ceramic (PCFC) |
Carbon nanotubes |
700deg C |
|
|
|
|
Beijing, P.R. China, May 25, 2004
Commuters in Beijing will be able to ride in zero-emission fuel cell buses beginning next year after an agreement signed today between DaimlerChrysler and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), at the opening of an international conference on Hydrogen energy held here called Hyforum 2004.
DaimlerChrysler will provide three Hydrogen-powered Mercedes-Benz Citaro fuel cell buses to the city of Beijing in 2005 as part of the Company's worldwide roadmap to sustainable mobility. These buses are part of a fleet of 30 fuel cell buses DaimlerChrysler has in operation in ten European cities in order to gain real world experience in day-to-day operation in its pursuit of viable emission-free mobility solutions.
"Having hydrogen-powered fuel cell buses in operation on the streets of Beijing is a small but significant symbolic step in reducing pollution in this fascinating international metropolis," said Dr. Thomas Weber, DaimlerChrysler Member of the Board of Management Responsible for Research and Technology. "As good corporate citizens, we want to make a contribution in the efforts of industry and government to make Beijing a better place to live and work. And while that might sound like a 'blue sky' idea, the whole idea is to have more blue skies, especially as Beijing prepares to host the world during the 2008 Olympic Games." DaimlerChrysler is a pioneer in fuel cell development, and since the early 90's has produced 20 research vehicles and prototypes. This year DaimlerChrysler will deliver 60 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles based on the Mercedes-Benz A-Class, to customers in the U.S., Europe, Japan and Singapore. The first vehicles are already in operation in Japan and the U.S.
By the end of the year, DaimlerChrysler will have more than 100 fuel cell vehicles on the road, more than any other vehicle manufacturer.
DaimlerChrysler's SIM Technology research and development center in Shanghai is helping the Chinese Central Government with the electronics components of the first Chinese fuel cell vehicle.